Charlemagne, known as the "Father of Europe," ruled from 768 to 814 AD and played a pivotal role in shaping medieval Europe.

His empire, which included much of modern-day France, Germany, and parts of Italy, marked a significant unification of territories under a single ruler.

While France was firmly within his domain, the relationship with Italy was more complex.

Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 AD, asserting his influence over the Italian peninsula.

This act not only solidified his power but also established a precedent for future rulers. - https://italyfocusguide.com/blog/was-france-italy-under-charlemagne-domain/?unique_id_h1vq0eb0

"Charlemagne's Dominion: Examining the Intricacies of Medieval European Power"